Multi-frequency clock synthesizer

ABSTRACT

A phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit includes an input for receiving a timing reference signal, a phase detector circuit coupled to receive the timing reference signal, a controllable oscillator circuit controlled according to an output of the phase detector circuit, and a feedback divider circuit having an output coupled to the phase detector and an input coupled to the controllable oscillator circuit. The phase-locked loop circuit is coupled to output one of a plurality of output signals having an arbitrary frequency relationship to each other according to a frequency selection mechanism, the frequency selection mechanism including one or more input terminals coupled to control a divide ratio of the feedback divider circuit. The frequency selection mechanism selects one of a plurality of stored values. The selected stored value controls, at least in part, a divide ratio of the feedback divider circuit, thereby providing a pin programmable device capable of selecting among output frequencies having an arbitrary relationship to each other.

This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 10/878,218, filed Jun. 28, 2004, which application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of application 60/567,479, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR A PROGRAMMABLE CLOCK SOURCE GENERATING A WIDE RANGE OF OUTPUT FREQUENCIES,” filed May 3, 2004, naming Axel Thomsen, Yunteng Huang, Jerrell P. Hein as inventors, and which application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/675,543, entitled “CALIBRATION OF OSCILLATOR DEVICES,” filed Sep. 30, 2003, naming Jerrell Hein and Axel Thomsen as inventors, which claimed benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of application 60/467,813, filed May 2, 2003; which applications are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

This application relates to integrated circuit devices more particularly to integrated circuits utilized in generating clock signals and systems incorporating such circuits.

2. Description of the Related Art

Clock sources typically utilize a resonator such as a crystal oscillator or surface acoustic wave (SAW) device. Precision in traditional clock sources utilizing crystal oscillators is determined by the accuracy of the cut of the crystal and the calibration performed after the cut. For example, frequency tuning may be achieved by sputtering gold after cutting the crystal. Fixed frequency sources such as crystals have typically provided better phase noise performance than the phase noise performance associated with variable frequency source such as, e.g., a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). That is due, at least in part, to the fact that the variable elements (e.g., the varactor) associated with the VCO used to vary the frequency have higher losses than fixed elements such as the capacitors in a fixed source.

However, resonators typically have a limited optimum range due to manufacturing constraints. That is, it is hard to pull a crystal over a wide range. However, various applications have requirements for numerous frequencies outside the easy range for a resonator. Typically, a different frequency range will require a different resonator. Accuracy requirements vary for clock sources, but are typically in the parts per million (ppm) range.

The drive to design network equipment with multi-service capable interfaces has dramatically increased the complexity of the timing subsystems. In addition to standard SONET/SDH rates, these new systems must now support a diverse set of line rates including 10 G Ethernet, 10 G Fibre Channel, as well as the associated forward error correction (FEC) rates. Requirements to support these new data rates is forcing timing subsystem designers to develop timing sources capable of providing an expanded set of low jitter, high frequency (>=622 MHz) reference clocks for use across the data processing chain from physical layer to backplane transceiver. A summary of common line rates and the associated board level reference clock frequencies is provided in Table 1. Since these frequencies are not related by a simple integer ratio, designers must rely on multiple discrete oscillators or sophisticated phase-locked loops (PLLs) to support the various reference clock generation requirements in multi-protocol systems. Note that many of the line rates are around 10 Gbits per second. TABLE 1 Forward Required Data Error Line Oscillator Rate Correction Rate Frequencies Protocol (Gbps) (FEC) Ratio (Gbps) (MHz) SONET OC-192, 9.95 — 9.95 622.08, 155.52 SDH STM-64 G.975 (4 × 9.95 255/238 10.66 666.51, 166.63 OC-48 + FEC) OTN OTU2 9.95 255/237 10.71 669.33, 167.33 (G.709) 10 Gb 10.31 — 10.31 644.53, 161.13 Ethernet LAN 10.31 255/238 11.04 690.57, 172.64 10.31 255/237 11.10 693.48, 173.37 10 G Fibre 10.52 — 10.52 657.42, 164.35 Channel 10.52 255/237 11.32 707.35, 176.83

Using conventional oscillator technology, the system timing architectures of multi-service systems become unwieldy as the number of oscillators grow to support an expanded set of line rates. FIG. 14 illustrates a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) transponder (dual facing (forward error correction (FEC) line cards). As shown in FIG. 14, the clock and data recovery circuit (CDR) in the receive path of each 10 G transceiver requires a reference clock frequency that is an integer sub multiple of each line rate. To meet this requirement, RF multiplexers 1401, 1403 are typically used to select the appropriate reference clock from a bank of oscillators 1405, 1407 whose frequencies are associated with the desired set of line rates. In the example illustrated in FIG. 14, the provided oscillator bank supports transponder operation at four different line rates: OC-192, OTU-2, 10 GbE LAN, and 10 GbE LAN+FEC. In order to support the different line rates, both XO bank 1409 and the VCXO banks 1405 and 1407 are required. A separate crystal or SAW resonator is associated with frequency in the illustrated transponder. Thus, for example, in the example illustrated in FIG. 14, 12 separate crystals/SAW resonators are required.

The clock scaling PLLs 1412, 1414 are the most critical timing subsystem because they must perform the clock scaling required to synchronize the data transmission rates between the client side and the line side. The design of these PLLs is difficult because they must provide non-integer clock scaling, operate at high frequencies (>600 MHz), provide low jitter (<0.3 ps RMS), and cover a range of frequencies that span approximately 100 MHz. To meet the jitter requirements, discrete voltage controlled SAW oscillators (VCSOs) or high frequency fundamental (HFF) voltage controlled oscillators (VCXOs) must be used in the PLL circuit. Since these devices are only capable of operating within a few hundred parts per million (ppm) of a center frequency, multi-protocol support requires a bank of VCSOs or VCXOs to support the range of input to output frequency translations required. In addition, special care must be taken during the design and layout of the PLL circuit to accommodate variations in VCSO electrical performance like voltage gain (Kv) and prevent noise coupling between VCSOs and other board level components.

Since traditional oscillator technology does not scale easily to support additional line rates, the system implication is one of increased cost, board space, bill-of-materials (BOM), and supply issues. In addition, these crystal and SAW based oscillators introduce various reliability issues including temperature drift and long term aging. While the frequency control industry has made some progress supporting dual frequency applications by packaging multiple resonators into a single VCSO module package, the techniques employed are difficult to scale beyond two frequencies.

It would also be desirable to provide a clock source that meets accuracy requirements, allows the use of a resonator that is easy to manufacture and low cost, but can still provide a wide range of output frequencies and suitable phase noise performance.

SUMMARY

The trend toward multi-service platforms is driving the need for oscillators that can operate at multiple frequencies and to have the ability to select the operating frequency.

Accordingly, in one embodiment an apparatus includes a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit including a feedback divider circuit, a storage to store a plurality of values, and at least one frequency select input terminal coupled to select a particular one of the stored values. The PLL circuit outputs one of a plurality of selectable output signals having an arbitrary frequency relationship to each other. Each of the selectable output signals correspond to one of the stored values, the one of the plurality of possible output signals that is output by the PLL circuit corresponding to the particular one of the stored values. The particular one of the stored values determines, at least in part, a divide ratio of the feedback divider circuit.

In another embodiment a method is provided that includes selecting one of a plurality of output frequencies having an arbitrary relationship to each other to be output from a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit according to a value on one or more input terminals of the device containing the PLL circuit. The method may further include storing values in a non-volatile memory, and selecting one of the stored values according to the value of the one or more input terminals. In an embodiment, the method further includes controlling a divide ratio of a feedback divider circuit in the phase-locked loop according to the value of the one or more input terminals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 illustrates a device in which an integrated circuit and a crystal are packaged in a standard six pin VCXO ceramic package.

FIG. 2 illustrates a device in which an integrated circuit and a crystal are packaged in a standard four pin XO ceramic package.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary integrated circuit suitable for use as the integrated circuit in FIGS. 1 or 2.

FIG. 4 illustrates alternative serial communication terminals for programming and for receiving a configuration clock according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary read and write formats utilized for communicating over a serial port.

FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary use of Manchester encoding for data supplied over the serial port.

FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary use of a calibration clock over the serial port.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the digitally controlled oscillator utilized in FIGS. 3 and 4.

FIG. 8B illustrates additional details of an embodiment of the analog to digital conversion shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 8C illustrates a block diagram of switching a resistor according to the supply voltage.

FIG. 8D illustrates conceptually a digital integration path that may be provided by the digital signal processing block of FIG. 8B.

FIG. 8E illustrates a capacitor that may be omitted by using the digital integration path of FIG. 8D.

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary phase selectable divider circuit that may be utilized in the multi-modulus divider in FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 illustrates operation of the phase selectable divider of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary implementation of a multi-modulus divider.

FIG. 12 illustrates operation of the multi-modulus divider shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 illustrates the additional details of an embodiment of the delta sigma modulator and phase error cancellation (PEC) circuit shown in FIG. 8.

FIG. 14 illustrates a prior art dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) transponder.

FIG. 15 illustrates a DWDM transponder according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates a block diagram of a clock multiplier embodiment utilizing the dual loop architecture described in FIG. 8.

The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

Referring to FIG. 1, a high level diagram shows a clock source device that includes an integrated circuit 10 coupled to a crystal 11. In one embodiment both the integrated circuit 10 and the crystal 11 are packaged in a standard ceramic package 15 that is typically utilized for packaging a voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO). Note that another resonating device such as a surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator may be utilized in place of crystal 11. In the illustrated embodiment, the package 15 includes standard input/output signals including a voltage control input 17, a power and ground input, 19 and 21 respectively, differential clock outputs and an output enable (OE) pin 27. FIG. 2 illustrates a four pin XO package implementation in which the control voltage input 17 is not utilized and the output clock 29 is single ended. A six pin XO package configuration may also be utilized in which the control voltage input on the package is not connected when the package 15 is mounted to a board. Other packaging alternatives for the integrated circuit with or without the crystal oscillator or SAW may also be utilized.

Referring to FIG. 3, a block diagram illustrates an embodiment of integrated circuit 10 that provides a fixed frequency or voltage controlled clock source. In FIG. 3, the integrated circuit is packaged in a six pin VCXO package. Integrated circuit 300 includes a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) 301. With the use of a fractional N phase-locked loop (PLL), a crystal based reference clock 303 can be multiplied up by a rational number to supply a wide variety of output frequencies. The fractional N loop can be viewed as a digitally controlled oscillator, where the output frequency is controlled by the rational digital number M according to Fout=M×Fref. Thus, the DCO 301 can be implemented as a fractional N PLL providing a wide range of output frequencies f_(osc)=M×f_(x), where f_(x) is supplied from oscillator 303. The precision of M can be to the level of a few parts per billion. An important criteria is to ensure that a DCO, such as illustrated in FIG. 3, meets the phase noise specifications typically achieved by a fixed frequency crystal or SAW based oscillator. A standard of interest would be for example the SONET standard for jitter generation. That will be explained in more detail below.

Fractional N phase-locked loops (PLLs) allow the multiplication of an incoming reference clock by a rational rather than an integer number as is common in traditional PLL designs. Such a multiplication requires the use of a multi-modulus divider in the feedback path. Such a divider will divide not by a fixed integer, but by a sequence of integers that over time approximates the rational number desired. This sequence can be generated by a digital delta sigma modulator which shapes the quantization noise added to the rational number with a high pass filter. Thus the resulting phase noise is also shaped by a high pass filter. The overall noise contribution from the fractional PLL depends on several factors. One factor is the update rate of the PLL (generally the reference clock rate from, e.g., XO 11) in relation to the loop bandwidth of the PLL, a measure similar to the oversampling ratio (OSR) in delta sigma analog to digital converters (ADCs). A higher OSR allows for better suppression of quantization noise in the band of interest. For a given update rate the noise contribution can be reduced by lowering the loop bandwidth. Another factor contributing to noise is the quantization error applied at the divider.

In addition to the noise sources stated above, several other factors contribute to noise in a PLL. Another contributor is noise from the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). An integrated LC VCO exhibits 3 noise regions, close in 1/f³, intermediate 1/f^(2,) and high frequency white noise that is frequency independent. For example, exemplary corners defining the three regions are at 100 KHz and 100 MHz. For an integrated LC VCO oscillating in the GHz range, the 1/f³ region is significant, whereas the white noise region is insignificant. When embedded in a PLL the noise transfer function to the output of the PLL is a high pass filter with a corner at the loop bandwidth. Wider loop bandwidth improves the noise contribution from the VCO. If the bandwidth of the loop exceeds the 1/f corner of the oscillator, the overall phase noise performance tends to be very competitive with the performance of prior art fixed frequency crystal or SAW based oscillators in applications such as SONET.

Another contributor to noise in a PLL is noise from the reference clock. Similar noise regions exist as above. If the reference clock is generated from a fixed crystal oscillator, it is generally very competitive at low frequency (1/f³ and 1/f²) but with a significant white noise contribution. Narrower loop bandwidth improves the noise contribution of this source.

The choice of loop bandwidth is an optimization to reduce noise from various sources. Given today's state of the art in LC oscillator design in terms of phase noise and oscillation frequency, and the ability of a state of the art CMOS process to implement a high speed multi-modulus divider and a high speed delta sigma modulator, it is now possible to optimize the noise budget to yield a clock source that can exceed standards such as SONET and to enable this architecture as a clock source.

Good jitter performance of the DCO loop is facilitated by implementation of the loop filter as a digital filter, which is a technique that allows an accurate implementation of the loop filter that is properly matched to the corners and the order of the noise shaping function and therefore can best reduce the jitter contribution from that source. Digital loop filter implementations are known in the art and described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,868, entitled “Digitally Synthesized Loop Filter Circuit Particularly Useful for a Phase Locked Loop,” published as Published Application Number 20020089356 A1, Jul. 11, 2002, naming Perrott et al. as inventors, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Additionally, the current phase error can be computed as the integral of all instantaneous frequency errors as they were computed in the delta sigma modulator that controls the multi modulus divider. Through subtraction in the analog or digital domain, the phase error can be cancelled and thus strongly reduced as a noise source. As a result the bandwidth can be increased and thus overall better jitter performance can be achieved.

The device illustrated in FIG. 3 can function as a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO/VCSO) or as a fixed-frequency clock source (XO/SO). A register bit setting may be used to select between the modes of operation. In voltage-controlled oscillator operational mode a control voltage is received on the VC analog voltage input port 309. The on-chip analog to digital converter (ADC) 311 converts the control voltage VC into a digital control word (VCADC) supplied to summing circuit 315, which generates the control signal M for the DCO 301. When operating in VCXO/VCSO mode, the selector circuit 319 selects input B, which is coupled to the reference frequency (RFREQ) control value stored in a portion 349 of non-volatile storage 317. The control value from the selector circuit may be summed in summing circuit 315 with a temperature compensation value (DELMT) supplied on node 321 as described further herein, as well as with the control VCADC, and the sum is supplied to DCO 301 as the control signal to determine the DCO output. In VCXO/VCSO mode the RFREQ provides a center frequency that is adjusted by VCADC. If temperature compensation is not used, a value for DELMT is selected so as to not effect the output of DCO 301. Note that while 315 is shown in the block diagram as a summing circuit, some embodiments may utilize other arithmetic circuits to appropriately combine the various control values that are used to form the control signal M for DCO 301. For example in one embodiment, the signals are combined using a multiplier circuit in which the center frequency provided by RFREQ is scaled appropriately by VCADC and/or DELMT using a multiplier circuit.

When operating as a fixed frequency clock source, the selector circuit 319 also selects input B, to supply the reference frequency (RFREQ) control value stored in a portion 349 of non-volatile storage 317. That control value may be summed in summing circuit 315 with a temperature compensation value (DELMT) supplied on node 321. The sum from summing circuit 315 is supplied to DCO 301 as the control signal to determine the DCO output. When operating as a fixed-frequency clock source (XO/SO), the ADC 311 may be powered down and its output fixed to its mid-scale value so as not to affect the DCO 301.

The use of a DCO as a clock source has several advantages. Digital control of the output frequency allows for storage of calibration parameters in non-volatile memory 317. Also, the DCO can be embedded in an outer phase locked loop as described further herein. This outer loop includes a phase detector with digital output and a digital loop filter 337 and the DCO 301. When the outer loop is in lock to a reference frequency, the value present at the input to the DCO 301 is the proper multiplier to achieve this frequency in an open loop operation. Therefore this value can be stored while in lock and recalled later for operation in open loop as a clock source. The loop bandwidth of the inner loop, as described above, is preferably greater than the 1/f corner. Depending on specific implementations, the loop bandwidth of the inner loop may range from approximately 10 KHz to approximately 10 MHz. The loop bandwidth of the outer loop is preferably substantially lower, e.g., below approximately 1 KHz and may be less than or equal to 50 Hz. Note also that the inner loop is implemented to adjust quickly to changes as compared with the outer loop. Having a low outer loop bandwidth allows attenuation of jitter present on the reference clock input to the outer loop, which in turn can reduce jitter present in a stored control value to control the output of the inner loop.

The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3 has the capability of generating and storing a digital control value for DCO 301 corresponding to a calibration clock signal received via a calibration input. As discussed, above, when the outer loop is in lock to a reference frequency used for calibration, the value present at the input to the DCO 301 is the proper multiplier to achieve this frequency in an open loop operation. Therefore this value can be stored while in lock and recalled later for operation in open loop as a clock source. In that way, the device can be programmed to provide a clock having a desired output frequency. When operating in calibration mode, as described further herein, a calibration clock signal is supplied, e.g., on terminal 331 and via signal line 333 to divider 335. The calibration clock is compared to the output of the DCO 301 in phase and frequency detector 337 and an error signal is generated and filtered and supplied to adjust the output of DCO 301. When the output of the DCO has locked to the supplied calibration clock, the value of M may be stored. The calibration clock feature is useful, e.g., so that the device can lock its output clock to the calibration clock using an internal PLL, and control factors used to lock the PLL to the calibration clock can be stored for absolute output frequency and/or frequency versus temperature, as described further below. That stored value may then be utilized to control the DCO during normal operation.

In order to supply the calibration clock and perform necessary programming associated with configuring the clock source, a communication port, e.g., a serial port may be provided. The serial port may be provided as a dedicated programming port or its function can be combined with other I/O terminals. For example, in one embodiment, the OE pin 331 functions as a normal output enable and for programming and calibrating the device 300. In order to program the integrated circuit device, the OE terminal 331 is used to communicate serial data to and from the integrated circuit 300 and used to supply a calibration clock. FIG. 3 shows an embodiment where the OE pin is also used as the communications port. Referring to FIG. 4, in another embodiment the option is provided for using one of two dedicated I/Os on the integrated circuit device. The P1 port 401 is a dedicated I/O that functions as a bidirectional serial port for register data reads and writes, and as a calibration clock input, similar to the function of the OE pin used for programming and calibration described above but without any OE pin functionality. The P2 port 403 is also a dedicated I/O with the same serial bus and calibration clock functionality as P1; however, once programming is completed, P2 can be converted from a dedicated serial port I/O to an input control for the output enable function. In still other embodiments, the voltage control input 309 may be used as a serial communications port. In order to distinguish between calibration clocks and serial data, a serial data command may be utilized that indicates to the device that the calibration clock will be applied next. That command enables the calibration PLL. After this command, the user supplies a calibration clock to the appropriate terminal providing the serial port. The frequency of the calibration clock may be low even though the output frequencies are high due to the use of the divider 347 in the feedback path from the oscillator 301. Additional details on implementation of the serial port may be found in application Ser. No. 10/675,543, entitled “CALIBRATION OF OSCILLATOR DEVICES,” filed Sep. 30, 2003.

The serial port is typically used during manufacture test to establish the desired device configuration in the on-chip non-volatile memory (NVM) 317. Serial port communications can begin following a power-on-reset of the device. An exemplary command format for the serial bus is shown in FIG. 5. Each transmission has three eight bit bytes of data: the preamble byte 501, the instruction byte 503, and the address/data byte 505. One extra clock cycle 507 exists for the Read command in order to allow time for placing the transmit output of the test equipment hooked up to the device in high impedance before the first read bit is sent by the device. The serial port state machine, returns to its initialized condition if any invalid input data is detected or if no activity occurs on the bus. That feature allows the state machine to be brought to a known condition before signaling begins. In one embodiment, all data sent from the test equipment (master) to the device (slave) is Manchester encoded with a symbol rate of approximately 10 kbps. The Manchester encoding creates guaranteed transitions in the data pattern that are used by the device to determine the master's transmission rate. In an embodiment, read data sent from the device to the test equipment is in a non-return to zero (NRZ) format, which maximizes the available sampling time for the test equipment master. The test equipment master can sample the read data using the same internal clock used to generate the transmit data.

FIG. 6 gives illustrates a Manchester encoded “0” and “1” and also shows the required preamble data pattern. Note that the preamble contains multiple Manchester code violations in order to increase its uniqueness and reduce the chances of false preamble detection.

Referring again to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, the digitally-controlled oscillator (DCO) 301 is driven by a digital frequency control word M and produces a low jitter output clock. The control word M supplied to the DCO 301 is generated by summing (or multiplying as mentioned above) a reference frequency control word (RFREQ) with the VCO ADC 311 output (VCADC), if utilized, and the temperature compensation value (DELMT), if utilized in summer 315. The fixed frequency external crystal 303, SAW, or other source, provides a low jitter reference needed to synthesize the output clock. In one embodiment frequency synthesis is done digitally, eliminating sensitive noise entry points.

In one embodiment, the method for frequency and temperature calibration of the DCO uses an external calibration clock applied at the serial port. In calibration mode, a digital phase locked loop (PLL) is implemented around the DCO, locking the DCO output clock to an integer multiple of the low frequency input calibration clock. Once the calibration clock is applied, the device internally generates the required calibration correction factors to generate the desired output frequency.

With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, calibration according to an embodiment of the invention operates as follows. First the temperature compensation DELMT (delta M over temperature) is turned off. That forces its contribution to summing circuit 315 to 0. If desired it may be enabled after the calibration is complete. If the device is being used as a VCO, VCO mode should be enabled and the analog input V_(C) 309 should be set to its mid-scale voltage during the calibration. That sets the analog to digital converter 311 at midrange. If the device is being used as a fixed frequency oscillator, VCO mode should be disabled to cause the output of the ADC 311 to be at midscale and thus not affect the output frequency. Next the calibration clock frequency range should be selected by selecting the N3 divider value for divider 335. In one embodiment, there are two possible frequency ranges for the calibration clock. A register bit can be used to select the range from 1 to 2 MHz, (the divider value=1). To select the range from 8 to 16 MHz, the input divider N3 is set to a divider value to 8. The choice of calibration clock frequency range is based on the availability of precision clock sources in the manufacturing test environment. Other embodiments may have different values for the divider block N3 or lack the divider block entirely.

The values for dividers 335 (N3), 347 (N2), and 346 (N1), and the high speed divider (HS_DIV) (see FIG. 8) should be selected along with the calibration clock frequency. The equation relating the calibration clock frequency to the output frequency is as follows for one embodiment of the invention.: f _(OUT) =f _(CALCK) ×N2/(HS_DIV×N1) (for N3=1), or f _(OUT) =f _(CALCK) ×N2/(8×HS _(—) DIV×N1) (for N3=8), where HS_DIV=[4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11], 1≦N1≦2⁷ and N2=256, 512, 1024

Other embodiments may provide other divider values, additional or fewer dividers and thus have different equations for determining the output frequency.

In some embodiments, the calibration loop bandwidth is also selectable. In one embodiment two choices for calibration loop bandwidth are available, which are selected according to a register bit. The wider bandwidth provides faster settling time, but allows more of the calibration clock phase noise to affect the absolute frequency accuracy when the DCO control is frozen. The lower bandwidth has slower settling, but less variation in the absolute frequency value when the DCO control is frozen. The optimal choice is a function of the calibration clock jitter and the absolute frequency accuracy requirement for the application.

Referring to FIG. 7, and FIGS. 3 and 4, the control circuit 341 then receives a command setting the calibration clock on (CCK_ON) register bit to one through a serial port register write, indicating that a calibration clock is to be supplied over the serial port (input/output terminal 27, P1, or P2). Subsequently, the calibration clock can be supplied as an input frequency reference for the calibration PLL. FIG. 7 illustrates a command sequence including a preamble, write command and data followed by application of the calibration clock. In response to the write command, the control state machine selects multiplexer input A from the digital phase detector and loop filter 337, which forms a phase-locked loop with DCO 301 in this configuration. The calibration clock (CALCK) is supplied via node 333 to the divider circuit 335. The digital phase detector and loop filter 337 detects the phase/frequency difference between the calibration clock and the output of the DCO 301 and provides a correction signal to summer 315 through multiplexer 319 to adjust the control signal M supplied to the DCO 301 to reflect that difference. The calibration clock is applied for sufficient amount of time to allow the PLL to settle and establish the control factors needed to lock the DCO 301 output clock to an integer multiple of the low frequency input calibration clock. In other embodiments the DCO may lock to a fractional multiple (e.g., a ratio of integers) of the calibration clock according to the dividers utilized. Note that because of the divider 347 in the feedback path of the PLL, the calibration clock can be a low frequency signal even for those devices with high speed output clocks. Note that control operations associated with calibration, e.g., selecting the multiplexer input and storing the value of M, may be controlled via commands sent to serial port, the result of internal control generated by, e.g., a state machine in control circuit 341, or both.

Once the PLL is locked and settled the calibration clock is stopped as shown in FIG. 7. That causes the internal state of the device to be stored and the CCK_ON bit is automatically reset to zero. The cessation of the clock is detected by the control circuit 341 causing it to freeze the correction or control values internally. If the delay required to detect the cessation of the clock allows the PLL to be disturbed before the control values are stored, a history of the control values can be kept on-chip and the control values that existed before the actual clock cessation can be kept. The values that are stored may be the correction factor generated by the phase detector and loop filter 337 or the value of M when the PLL is locked to the calibration clock (essentially the same as the correction factor but after the summing circuit 315). To avoid any inaccuracies in the frozen register values due to the loss of clock detection delay, a running history of the values is kept and the values that existed immediately before the loss of clock are stored when the PLL is frozen. The running history may be stored in registers in the control circuit 341. The control value(s), along with appropriate divider values, can be stored in the non-volatile memory 317, which may, e.g., be implemented as an EPROM, EEPROM, or any other suitable non-volatile memory. The stored control value is used to generate the control value supplied to the DCO 301 by supplying the control value to summing node 315 during normal operation.

In one embodiment a lock detection mechanism is included for the calibration PLL. A lock detect bit (LOCK) is the result of an analysis of the PLL phase detector output. A retriggerable one-shot is set each time the phase detector output indicates a full-scale condition (phase cycle slip). The retrigger time of the one-shot may be programmable via a register bit. Therefore, if no cycle slip has occurred for the retrigger time, the internal lock detection indicator bit (LOCK) is set to one, indicating that the PLL is in lock. The internal lock detection indicator bit (LOCK) can be queried to verify that the PLL achieved lock during the time the calibration clock was active.

Once the calibration clock has ceased for a sufficient amount of time defined by a predetermined time period, the internal over sampling state machine returns to its reset or initialization state, waiting for further activity on OE, P1 or P2, and ready to receive additional commands. This timeout feature prevents lockup of the state machine, guaranteeing a known starting condition for the user.

Note that the serial communication capability available through input/output terminal 331 also allows a user to program a fixed control value to set oscillator 301 to a specific output frequency by writing to reference frequency storage location 349, supplying that value to the multiplexer 319 and selecting the B input of the multiplexer 319 to be supplied to the summing circuit 315. Additionally, in some embodiments, the divider ratios in some or all of divider blocks may be written and/or read via the serial port provided by input/output terminal.

Note that calibration can also be performed without a calibration clock input. However, that requires multiple serial data writes to the device to set the digital control value supplied, e.g., through summing circuit 315 so that while the control voltage Vc is centered, the clock out signal matches the desired output clock frequency. By instead using a calibration clock supplied over the serial port, the device can itself find the desired correction value by locking its PLL to the calibration clock.

The on-chip nonvolatile memory (NVM) 317 provides for permanent storage of device configuration settings and calibration settings at manufacture. The NVM memory space includes bits for all of the settings necessary to fully configure the device. The volatile memory space includes duplicate bits for each NVM bit, plus additional bits that do not require nonvolatile storage. In one embodiment, the non-volatile memory is one time programmable. A primary (M1) and secondary (M2) NVM space may be provided to allow the NVM settings to be written twice during the lifetime of the device. A status register may be used to indicate the current status of M1 and M2. Data is written from volatile memory, such as registers, into NVM using the STORE command. All volatile memory bits with duplicates in the NVM space are written with one command. The first time the STORE command is executed, the M1 NVM space is written. When the write is initiated, a status bit (M1_WR) is permanently set. Once the write is completed, STORE is reset to zero, a read of M1 is done, and the result is compared to the volatile memory settings. If there is a match, then the NVM write has been successful and the M1_CHK status bit is permanently set. The next time the STORE command is executed, the M2 NVM space will be written. After device powerup or reset, the NVM status bits are checked and the appropriate NVM memory space downloaded into the volatile memory. The appropriate NVM space may also be downloaded on command using the RECALL register bit. Once the download is complete, RECALL is reset automatically.

Upon power up, the device internally executes a power on-reset (POR) which resets the internal device logic, loads the various settings stored in the non-volatile memory into volatile memory (e.g., the various control registers), and places the device output into high impedance. A register bit may also be used to initiate a reset.

In one embodiment, the center frequency of the device is determined by the reference frequency (RFREQ) supplied to the DCO as control input M and the HS_DIV (see FIG. 8) and N1 output divider values. In one embodiment the device has the capability of storing four unique sets of RFREQ, HS_DIV, and N1 values representing four unique selectable output frequencies in non-volatile storage 317 (FIG. 4). There need not be a relationship between the four frequencies desired. That feature is useful in applications where a different output frequency is required depending on the system configuration. The FRQSEL[1:0] inputs 407 (FIG. 4) select which set of RFREQ, HS_DIV, and N1 values are used. If this feature is not desired, the FRQSEL[1:0] pins can be left floating, in which case default values are selected. Note that while two input terminals are provided for the frequency select signals 407 in the illustrated embodiment, other embodiments may utilize only one input terminal to select between two frequencies or more than two input terminals, e.g., three pins, may be used to select between eight possible output frequencies. In that case the nonvolatile storage will store eight divider ratios corresponding respectively to the eight possible frequencies desired. Additionally, while some embodiments utilize the values present on the input terminals to also select the divide ratios for dividers 841 and 346 (FIG. 8), other embodiments may not control those dividers with the input pins. Note that the relationship between the selectable output frequencies can be arbitrary in that no particular frequency relationship needs to exist as would be the case if integer dividers were being used.

Note that while one or more pins may be used to select the output frequency according to their logical value, i.e., the output frequency is pin programmable, in other embodiments a digital communications interface such as I²C™ or serial peripheral interface (SPI) may be used to select the output frequency by writing appropriate control information to control registers in control circuit 341. That provides additional flexibility but requires intelligence to reside on the board to control the digital interface. In such an embodiment, the two pins 407 shown in FIG. 4, for example, may be the terminals to implement the digital interface.

Note that the devices illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 can provide temperature compensation. That compensation is achieved by supplying the appropriate compensation value from non-volatile memory 317 based on the temperature detected by thermometer 351. Calibration for temperature compensation involves generating digital correction factors for various temperatures of interest.

In one embodiment temperature compensation values are determined as follows. First a reference temperature point is determined. The calibration at this temperature sets the RFREQ value to the DCO and all other temperature/frequency points are calculated with respect to this reference point. The reference temperature does not have to be the nominal ambient temperature of operation. To establish the reference temperature calibration point, a temperature calibration point register (TCP[2:0]) is set to 000, FRQSEL[1:0]=11 (if that feature is provided), and the device is brought to the desired reference temperature. The calibration clock is then applied through the serial port. When the clock is stopped, the M value corresponding to the frozen frequency and the temperature value are stored in the RFREQ_11 and RTEMP RAM registers, respectively. The stored values of M and the temperature are the values that existed immediately before the clock was stopped to avoid any glitches that might occur after the calibration clock is stopped.

To generate the calibration points across temperature, after establishing the reference temperature calibration point, TCP[2:0] is set to 001 to indicate the next temperature calibration point is being established, and FRQSEL[1:0] is set to 11, and the device is brought to the desired temperature. The calibration clock is applied as described previously. When the clock is stopped, the frozen delta-frequency value (relative to RFREQ_11) is stored in a DELMT1 register. The frozen delta-frequency value=(M at the reference temperature)−(M at the next temperature calibration point). The associated temperature is stored in the TEMP1 register. For each additional temperature calibration point, the temperature calibration point register is incremented and the calibration clock is reapplied at the desired temperature, and the new frozen delta-frequency value is stored along with the corresponding temperature. The temperature and delta M values are subsequently stored in non-volatile memory. During operation the M value at the reference temperature is used when the thermometer 351 indicates the reference temperature and appropriate offsets (supplied as DELMT) are supplied according to the temperature detected by thermometer 351. In other embodiments, the value of M at the particular temperature is stored, rather than delta M, and that value is supplied for temperature compensation.

In one embodiment the device can store up to six calibration points (frequency and temperature pairs), including the reference point, to calibrate the device across temperature. In normal operation with the temperature compensation feature turned on, the device interpolates between the provided calibration points using a polynomial of order N-1, where N is the umber of calibration points to be used, which in one embodiment is programmable using register bits. For example, if values are written into RFREQ_11, DELMT1, DELMT2, and DELMT3 while DELMT4 and DELMT5 are not to be used, the user set N=4 so that a 3rd order polynomial interpolation is used.

As illustrated in FIG. 4, and described above a multi-frequency feature is available using the frequency select inputs FREQSEL[1:0]. If the multi-frequency feature is used, establishing the correct M value for the additional frequencies is achieved by holding the device at the reference temperature, setting FREQSEL[1:0]=10, and reapplying the calibration clock at the appropriate frequency. When the clock is stopped, the frozen frequency control value is stored in RFREQ_10. If a third and fourth frequency are desired, repeat the above procedure with FRQSEL[1:0]=01 and 00, respectively.

In order to additionally compensate for temperature variations, which affect the reference frequency supplied, e.g., by the XO, the delta M over T value (DELMT) value is supplied to summing circuit 315 along with the reference frequency control value RFREQ. Thus, the control value generated at the reference temperature calibration point, along with an interpolated delta as described above, is supplied to summer 315 and utilized to generate the M value. Note that other temperature calibration algorithms besides the interpolation described above may be utilized. That function, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, is performed by the control circuit 341.

Referring to FIG. 8, illustrated is an exemplary embodiment of the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) 301. The crystal (or SAW) oscillator 303 supplies a timing reference to the DCO 301 as one input to the phase and frequency detector 801. Phase and frequency detector 801 generates an error term of the difference between the crystal oscillator input and the feedback from the VCO 805. Note that the feedback is supplied by multi-modulus divider block 807. During calibration, the DCO 301 functions as an inner loop having its feedback divider controlled by an outer loop that includes the dividers 335, 347, phase detector and analog to digital converter 853, filter 851, delta sigma modulator 809 as well as portions of the inner loop. The inner loop or DCO 301 is a fractional N loop wherein a period of the reference clock supplied by crystal or SAW 303 may be a non-integer multiple of a period of the oscillator clock signal supplied by VCO 805. Using a fractional N loop allows the use of low cost timing reference such as a low cost crystal oscillator. During normal operation, the DCO receives a control value from summing circuit 315 based on VCADC (from ADC 311 (FIG. 3)), DELMT, and RFREQ. Thus, the temperature compensation is achieved by adjusting the feedback loop of the DCO 301 through the delta sigma modulator 809, which is coupled to adjust the divider value supplied to the divide block 807.

Note that the inner loop forming DCO 301 utilizes a digital loop filter to allow the loop filter to be integrated onto the integrated circuit to reduce potential additional noise sources. Further, as described above, utilization of a digital loop filter allows an accurate implementation of the loop filter that is properly matched to the corners and the order of the noise shaping function and therefore can best reduce the jitter contribution from that source.

In one embodiment, the multi-modulus divider 807 is formed by a series of dividers. Because the feedback frequency may be in the GHz range, a prescalar is used to divide the feedback signal by, e.g., 4 or 5. Subsequent division stages, e.g., a plurality of divide by 4 and/or 5 stages further divide the feedback signal to an appropriate value according to the desired divider value.

Referring now to FIG. 8B, illustrated is a high level block diagram of an embodiment in which a control voltage on voltage control input 309 is utilized to adjust the center frequency of the DCO 301. The center frequency is determined by the reference frequency (RFREQ) as described herein. In an embodiment, the control voltage Vc supplied on 309 is converted in the analog to digital converter 311 using a delta sigma analog to digital converter (ADC) 871 and a digital signal processing block 873. The delta sigma ADC also receives a reference voltage Vref (or reference current depending on the embodiment) utilized in performing the conversion. The output VCADC of the circuit 311 is combined with the reference frequency (RFREQ) and the temperature compensation signal DELMT (if utilized) and supplied as the control signal M that controls the divide ratio of the feedback divider 807 (FIG. 8). Thus, a VCXO function is provided where the output of the DCO is tunable utilizing a control voltage input.

In one embodiment, the integrated circuit 300 (FIG. 3) supports multiple supply voltages, e.g., 1.8V, 2.5V, and 3.3V. However, the control voltage V_(C) is proportional to the supply voltage. If the variation in supply voltage is not accounted for by the analog to digital conversion in ADC 871, then the variation in the control voltage V_(C) based on the supply voltage will result in a significant dynamic range penalty for the lower supply voltages. In order to avoid this penalty, the VCADC digital value can be determined according to ${\frac{A_{1}V_{C}}{A_{2}V_{ref}} \cdot {Kv}},$ where Kv is a gain factor discussed below and A1 and A2 are scaling factors that are a function of the supply voltage. In an embodiment, with three possible supply voltages, there are three different scaling factors (one for each different supply voltage) to ensure that there is no dynamic range penalty. That can be accomplished by scaling the reference in the analog domain. For example, a resistor 862, 864, 866 may be switched to define a reference current I_(ref) utilized by the ADC 871 based on the supply voltage as shown in FIG. 8C. In another embodiment, voltage may be switched or capacitors may be switched to achieve the scaling to avoid a dynamic range penalty associated with different supply voltages.

The digital signal processing block 873 can provide multiple digital signal processing functions. For example, by using an A/D to digitize the control voltage, user selectable voltage gain (Kv) settings can be accommodated through mathematical scaling of the A/D output. In one embodiment, a programmable gain adjust value Kv is utilized to scale the output of the delta sigma ADC 871. That value is programmable and stored in non-volatile memory 317. Providing a programmable Kv (control voltage V_(C) to frequency gain (i.e. pulling range)) of the DCO allows flexibility in system design. Noise optimizations can be achieved by proper choice of Kv, as well as scaling of loop filter components. A high Kv means high gain for noise from the voltage control port to output, while a low Kv means lower gain for noise from the Vc port to output. For a similar loop bandwidth, for a higher Kv one would have to use smaller R and larger C to implement the same filter as compared to a lower Kv. Using this technique, Kv settings from, e.g., less than 45 ppm/V to 180 ppm/V can be accommodated allowing for emulation of both low Kv devices like VCXOs and high Kv devices like VCSOs. In addition, support for high frequency operation with low Kv simplifies the design of low loop bandwidth PLLs often required in optical networking equipment. The use of an analog to digital converter to digitize the control voltage input results in control voltage tuning linearity that is significantly better than traditional approaches that rely on pulling the resonator.

In addition, the digital signal processing block can provide a low pass filter function. Further, an offset adjust value (that may be programmable and stored in non-volatile memory 317) may be utilized to adjust a zero of the analog to digital converter using the digital programming block. Further, in one embodiment, the digital signal processing block may provide a digital integration path illustrated in a block diagram form in FIG. 8D. Integrating in the digital DSP block allows the function of a large capacitor 883 shown in FIG. 8E that is off-chip to be integrated onto the chip and the large capacitor 883 may therefore be removed from the board.

Referring to FIG. 9 a block diagram of an exemplary phase selectable divider 900 is illustrated that may be utilized as part of the multi-modulus divider 807. Eight clock signals P0-P7 are supplied to selector circuit 901. In the illustrated embodiment, selector circuit 901 is implemented as a multiplexer. A three bit control signal 903 supplied from register 905 selects which of the clock signals P0 to P7 is output by the selector circuit. The clock signals P0-P7 have different phases. By selecting which clock signals are supplied by multiplexer 901, different frequency clock signals can be generated by the divider circuit.

Referring to FIG. 10, a timing diagram illustrates operation of the divider circuit 900. As shown in FIG. 10, the clock signals P0-P7 are derived from the divider input clock 1010. In one embodiment the divider input clock 1010 is approximately 2.5 gigahertz and the clock signals P0-P7 are one fourth of divider input clock signal, approximately 625 MHz. Referring again to FIG. 9, the divider circuit 900 selects the next pulse to be output by adding a value A to the current select signal 903 in summing circuit 907 to generate a sum that is supplied to register 905. Table 2 below illustrates values of A supplied to summing circuit 907 to achieve various divide values. TABLE 2 A(mod 8) A′ (effective A) Division Factor 1 1 0.5 2 2 1.0 3 3 1.5 4 4 2.0 5 5 2.5 6 6 3.0 7 7 3.5 0 8 4.0 1 9 4.5 2 10 5.0 3 11 5.5

The use of the divider circuit 900 to generate a clock signal that is divided down from the divider input clock signal will now be illustrated with reference to FIG. 10. Assume it is desired to divide the divider input clock signal by 2.

Referring to the table above, it can be seen that in order to divide by 2 (the division factor), the appropriate value of A is 4. Assume that the currently selected clock is P0, so the select signal supplied from register 905 will be configured to select P0, e.g., using a value of 000. In order to select the next pulse output by the multiplexer, the summing circuit 407 adds the current value supplied from register 905 (which is 000) with the value of A (which is 4) and provides a sum of 4 to register 905 to select P4 as the next pulse output by multiplexer 901, as illustrated by the clock signal 1020 (Div 2.0) shown in FIG. 10. The sum circuit 907 is implemented as a modulo N summing circuit where N equals the number of clock signals supplied to multiplexer 401, which is 8 in the illustrated embodiment. With 4 as the current value of the select signals supplied by register 905, the next value supplied as the select signal is 0, which selects P0 as the next pulse to be output by the select circuit 901. That is, 4(the value of the select signal)+4(the value of A)=0 in a modulo 8 summing circuit. A is continually added to the current select value to generate the next pulse and a sequence of pulses selected from the phases P0 and P4 is output as shown in FIG. 10 to generate an output clock signal that equals divider input clock/2.

A divide by 2.5 will now be described. Assume that the currently selected clock is P0, so the select signal on control lines 903 will be configured to select P0, e.g., using a value of 000. Referring to Table 2, in order to divide by 2.5 (the division factor), the value of A is 5. The summing circuit 907 provides a sum of 5 to register 905 to select P5 as the next pulse output by multiplexer 901, as illustrated by the clock signal 1030 (Div 2.5) shown in FIG. 10. With 5 as the current value of the select signals, the next value supplied as the select signal is 2, which selects P2 as the next pulse to be output by the select circuit 901. That is, 5 (the value of the select signal)+5 (the value of A)=2 in a modulo 8 summing circuit. A is added to the current select value to generate the next select value, which is supplied to the select circuit. The next pulse selected is P7.

In the general case, for the circuit shown in FIG. 9, given 8 phases of a clock, with p(n) being the phase selected at a time “n”, phase selection is accomplished by p(n+1)=(p(n)+A) mod 8. FIG. 10 also shows the pulses 540, 550, 560, selected, respectively for-divide by 4, 5 and 5.5.

Referring to Table 2, note that for the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9, the first three divide values (0.5, .1.0, 1.5) are not available. Also for longer divide operations, for example, divide by 4.5, 5, or 5.5, the first pulses output in the longer divides need to be ignored. This is illustrated in FIG. 10. Thus, for example, for a divide by 5, and assuming P0 is the initial pulse out, and A=2, the first P2 pulse 1001 is ignored but the second P2 pulse is supplied by multiplexer 901. Similarly, after the second P2 pulse 1002 is supplied, the first P4 pulse 1003 is ignored. With the first pulse ignored each time, the effective value of A=9. The resultant waveform 1050 supplied on node 909 is labeled Div 5.0 in FIG. 10. Similarly, the initial pulses 1007 and 1009 shown in FIG. 10 are ignored in a divide by 5.5 as shown in waveform 1060.

Referring again to FIG. 9, in order to achieve the necessary delay for the longer divides, e.g., the divide by 5 and 5.5 shown in FIG. 10, in one embodiment a second selector circuit 921 is utilized with a second summer circuit 923 and a second register 925. A skip delay value of 3 is added to the current select value 903 in summing circuit 923. The skip delay indicates how many phase steps (each of clocks P0-P7 being a phase step) should be skipped before the select signal in register 905 is updated. As shown in FIG. 9, the output clock from multiplexer 901 on node 909 is used to update register 925 with the sum from summing circuit 923. The clock selected by multiplexer 921 is used to update the register 905. That ensures that the value of the select signals do not change until after the first pulses have been skipped for A equal to 1, 2, or 3. For example, if the currently selected clock is P0 and A=1, with a skip count of 3, register 905 is not updated until P3, thereby ensuring that the first P1 pulse is skipped. Referring to FIG. 10, a skip delay of three ensures that the undesirable pulses 1001, 1003, 1007, and 1009 are not output. Note that in some embodiments, the multiplexer 901 may be coupled to receive an input signal that is a steady state input signal, e.g., ground, in addition to the various phase sets received. In that way, the multiplexer may be selected to output no signal.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of how a multi-modulus divider such as that illustrated in FIG. 9 may be utilized in the DCO 301 shown in FIG. 8. Referring to FIG. 11, a block diagram illustrates a multi-modulus programmable divider circuit according to an embodiment of the invention. The VCO 805 provides an approximately 10 GHz clock signal, which is divided down in dividers 1103 and 1105 to an approximately 2.5 GHz clock signal. In order to operate the divider at a high frequency with low power consumption, some embodiments avoid feeding control signals to the high-speed circuitry. Instead, one embodiment utilizes a minimum number of transistors in the high speed portion to save power and take advantage of the multiphase output of a divider described herein to achieve equivalent speed. The programmability is pushed into the lower frequency circuitry. The 5 GHz signal from node 1103 is fed to a cascade of two dividers, divider 1105, which is a divide-by-two and divider 1107, which is a divide-by-four phase generator that generates 8 different phases. Divider 1107 supplies pulse width controller (PWC) 1109, which in turns supplies an 8-to-1 phase selecting multiplexer 1113 through flip-flops 1111. The phase selecting multiplexer 1113 directs one of the eight (8) phases from the PWC 1109 to its output. The output of the multiplexer 1113 is used to clock a divide-by-Q counter (/Q) 1117, which generates the divider output. The output is also used to trigger a finite state machine (FSM) 1115, which implements the multiplexer control (phase selection) algorithm, e.g., as illustrated in FIGS. 9-10.

In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 11, the delta sigma modulator 809 supplies a stream of integers M′ to block 1119 by to provide fractional n divide capability. M′ is a sequence of integers that approximates the rational number M. Note that in some embodiments, block 1119 may be incorporated into the finite sate machine 1115. Assuming the input frequency is f_(in) and the output frequency is f_(out), the divide ratio M=f_(in)/f_(out). In one embodiment M=((9.7 GHz˜11.32 GHz)/2)/(10 MHz (Xoxc)˜320 MHz (SAW)) and thus M ranges from approximately 15 to approximately 566. In one embodiment the delta sigma modulator is an eight level quantizer that expands the fractional range to M−3 to M+4. The delta sigma modulator may be implemented, e.g., as a third order delta sigma modulator. Given that expansion of the fractional range of M, M ranges from approximately 12 to approximately 570. The divider circuit illustrated in FIG. 11 operates fundamentally as an integer divider with the M′ value updated at a frequency varying from approximately 416 MHz for an M value of 12, to an update frequency of approximately 9 MHz for an M value of 570.

The operation of the divider described in FIG. 11 can be understood from the following arithmetic expression: $\frac{\begin{matrix} \overset{Q}{8\sqrt{M^{\prime}}} \\ {{- 8}Q} \end{matrix}}{R}$ where Q is the quotient and R is the remainder, and M′ is the divider ratio. From that arithmetic expression, the divide ratio M′=8Q+R. The divide ratio is thus split into a constant coefficient (here 8, although other numbers are of course possible) multiplied by a quotient Q, which is >=1 and a remainder (R). The R portion is implemented through the phase-selecting multiplexer 1113 being controlled by the finite state machine (FSM) 1115. Control logic 1119 receives the divide ratio M′, splits it into two portions, a Q number and an R number. The Q number is sent to Q divider 1117 input bits, while the R number is used by the finite state machine 1115. The 8Q value can be understood as a coarse tuning capability, while the R value provides a finer tune capability.

The divide by 8, the constant coefficient, can be accomplished in the higher speed divide circuits 1105 and 1107. The divide by Q and the divide by R can be performed in lower speed circuitry. The divide by Q can be performed in variable divider circuit 1117, which has a much lower input frequency, thus can be implemented with low speed circuitry. The divide by R can be achieved in the phase selecting multiplexer 1113. The multiplexer 1113 chooses the phase that is R steps offset (R can be positive or negative) from the last phase in each cycle of the output, thus achieving the division factor 8Q+R. Note that R is similar in function to A illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10. By varying both Q and R, flexible programmability is achieved. Various values of R may be utilized examples of which are shown below.

-   R=(−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3) -   R=(−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4), -   R=(−2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), -   R=(−1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), -   R=(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

In each R scheme shown above, there are 8 values corresponding to each phase step. The R scheme chosen determines the minimum available division ratio and the maximum input frequency at the input of Q counter. For example, comparing scheme R=(−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3) to R=(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), the first scheme can achieve the minimum divide ratio of /3, while the second one can only achieve the minimum divide ratio of /8. However the first scheme requires the Q counter to be able to operate at a much higher frequency. It also imposes tighter timing requirement on multiplexer control signal generation compared to other R scheme. It also consumes more power and may require custom design of the digital circuitry. Operation of R=(−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4), is illustrated in FIG. 12.

The top portion of FIG. 12 illustrates the input to the phase selecting multiplexer 1113, while the bottom portion of FIG. 12 illustrates the output for various divide values.

The use of the delta sigma modulator in a fractional N loop is illustrated in the following. Assume for example, that the value of M is 100 to achieve a desired nominal output frequency from DCO 301 (FIG. 3). The temperature compensation value determined by the interpolation described above may cause the value of M with temperature compensation to be 100.5. The delta sigma modulator in one embodiment provides an output having 8 different integer levels from −3 to 4, to represent the fractional portion, which values are combined with the integer portion (100) and mapped into the dividers of multi-modulus divide by N block 807. Thus, values ranging from 97 to 104 may be applied as divider values to the multi-modulus divide by N block 807. The use of the delta sigma modulator allows appropriate values to be used to average 100.5. Note that a value is generated by the divide block 807 at a rate of the XO (or other reference) clock frequency supplied on node 800.

Note that noise shaping may be used to place any noise generated in the feedback divider in a frequency band that may be subsequently filtered by a low pass filter in the loop filter 803. Referring again to FIG. 8, the delta sigma modulator 809 supplies a stream of integers that approximates and averages the divide ratio desired. That introduces phase errors that can be compensated by the phase error correction logic 861. An embodiment of delta sigma modulator 809 is shown in FIG. 13. Delta sigma modulator receives as the divide control value M=N.f, where N is the integer portion of M and f is the fractional portion. The phase error correction logic 861 generates a phase error correction signal. Additional details on phase error correction can be found in the patent application Ser. No. 10/878,089, filed on Jun. 28, 2004, entitled “Phase Error Correction,” naming Frey et al. as inventor, which application is incorporated by reference herein.

The approach described herein combines a clock synthesis integrated circuit together with a fixed, low frequency, crystal resonator to realize the functional equivalent of a traditional XO or VCXO but with the ability to operate at multiple user specified frequencies.

The multi-frequency operation achieved using the architecture described herein may be used to multiply the output of the fixed frequency oscillator to user defined frequencies between, e.g., 10 MHz and 1.4 GHz with better than 1 ppb accuracy. The crystal resonator used by the on-chip oscillator need not be of high accuracy and does not need to be pullable as all fine frequency tuning may be performed digitally. Specific configurations for multiple frequency operation are stored in the on-chip non-volatile memory (NVM) for later recall via the frequency select control pins.

Note that the integrated circuit described herein may operate off a supply voltage that is internally regulated down to a much lower core voltage. Therefore VCXOs based on this technology will exhibit significantly improved supply noise rejection when compared to traditional implementations. As a result, the task of achieving very good jitter performance in printed circuit card (PCB) environments with noisy ASICs or other large digital ICs is simplified.

As described earlier, embodiments of the invention include a crystal packaged with the integrated circuit. A local bypass capacitor may also be integrated within the package and to further reduce power supply induced jitter. While not shown, a metal lid is seam welded onto the package after suitable backfill with dry nitrogen. Since multiple frequencies can be synthesized from one resonator, package complexity is reduced compared to traditional implementations that require one resonator for each frequency. This enables multi-frequency operation in the same foot print as single frequency XO and VCXO devices.

One advantage of the architecture described herein is that a wide range of low-jitter, high-frequency clock signals can be generated from a single conventional low frequency quartz crystal. That eliminates the need to fabricate unique HFF crystals or SAW resonators for each frequency. Besides the obvious manufacturing issues associated with maintaining a plethora of different resonator frequencies to support a diverse set of customer requirements, HFF crystals and SAW resonators both have reliability and performance issues that can be significantly improved upon through the architecture described herein.

The HFF and SAW based resonators used in the oscillator fabrication process have a frequency that is a function of the minimum device feature. In general, the feature size is inversely proportional to the frequency of oscillation. For example, a SAW resonator requires a line spacing of ˜1 micron for operation at 622.08 MHz while a 155.52 MHz resonator requires a line spacing of ˜4 microns. As a consequence of these small feature sizes, higher frequency resonators are inherently more susceptible to contamination and stress-related frequency instabilities. Temperature induced mechanical stress also introduces frequency-temperature instabilities which degrade sensitive HFF crystals more than conventional crystal resonators. In contrast, SAW resonators or delay lines are mechanically robust but have residual second order frequency-temperature behavior significantly greater than the much smaller third order frequency-temperature behavior exhibited by conventional quartz crystals.

In contrast, the architecture described in herein allows the use of a more inherently stable low frequency quartz crystal resonator. One such a low frequency resonator is approximately 4 times the thickness of a 155.52 MHz fundamental mode crystal and not only exhibits superior frequency stability over temperature, but is also mechanically much more robust. Exemplary low frequency crystal oscillators are crystal oscillators having frequencies of approximately 13 MHz, 19.44 MHz, 26 MHz or 38.88 MHz. Of course other resonators such as SAW resonators and other crystal oscillators could of course be used.

The multi-frequency capability provided by the clock synthesis technology described herein can significantly simplify timing subsystem implementation while improving overall performance and reliability. The advantage is made clear by the exemplary DWDM transponder shown in FIG. 15, which replaces multiple XO and VCXO/VCXO devices with multi-frequency capable devices. Specifically, the DWDM transponder example shown in FIG. 15 replaces the XO bank 1409 with a single multiple frequency XO that has a two frequency select inputs to select between 172.64 MHZ, 167.33 MHz, 161.13 MHz and 155.52 MHz. Of course, because there is a continuous range of frequencies selectable between 10 MHz and 1417.5 MHz, those particular frequencies are exemplary but particularly useful in the DWDM transponder illustrated. Thus, four oscillators with four crystals have been replaced in that portion of the line card with one device 1501. The frequency select signals 1503 select which frequency should be output as described earlier herein. Further the receive path scaling PLL 1505 includes only a signal VCXO 1509. The output of the phase detector/loop filter 1511 drives the voltage control input 1513 (an exemplary embodiment of which is described in more detail with reference to FIG. 8B). The frequency select signals 1515 may be controlled by the same source as frequency select signals 1503. That source may be a microprocessor, microcontroller, field programmable gate array (FPGA), or other intelligent controller device. In other embodiments, the frequency select terminals may instead simply be tied to select a particular value. In still other embodiments, the microprocessor, microcontroller, ASIC, or other intelligent controller may control a digital interface on XO 1501 and VCXO 1509 and supply an indication of the desired frequency as described previously over the digital interface. For example, the intelligent controller may write a register to select one of four frequencies. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 15, the VCXO can be selected to provide one of four frequencies at 690.57 MHz, 669.34 MHz, 644.53 MHz or 622.08 MHz. In other embodiments, other frequencies are available.

Similarly, transmit side 1507 has a similarly reduced device count. Instead of four devices with four resonators providing the four frequencies shown in the transmit side clock scaling PLL in FIG. 14, a single device 1517 with one crystal can be used to supply a selected one of four frequencies based on the frequency select signals (or based on programming via a digital interface).

Referring again to FIG. 8, in another embodiment, the integrated circuit illustrated is coupled as a clock multiplier circuit to multiply the reference signal REF received at divider 335 and to supply the multiplied value as the output of DCO 301. In that embodiment phase detector and loop filter 337 supply a digital value to multiplexer 853, which in turn is supplied to delta sigma modulator 809. The multiplier value may be selected by setting the divide values in divide blocks 335 and 347. In various embodiments those values may be pin programmable, programmed via a serial port, or predetermined. When being used as a clock multiplier, the outer loop bandwidth is low to minimize jitter transfer from jitter present in the reference signal REF.

FIG. 16 provides a block diagram of an exemplary clock multiplier. Like the embodiment in FIGS. 3 and 4, FIG. 16 includes an digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) 1401, an embodiment of which was described in relation to FIG. 8. The reference clock to be multiplied is supplied on one of the clock inputs 1603 (CLKIN_1 to CLKIN_4). In one embodiment input clocks can range from 2 kHz to 800 MHz range and output clocks can be generated in the range of 2 kHz to 1.4175 GHz. In one embodiment the input clocks can hitlessly switch between the input clocks CLKIN_1-CLKIN_4 under either manual or automatic control. Another configuration supports two high-speed/frame sync clock pairs that can be switched in tandem. Control logic 1602 selects an appropriate clock to be output by selector circuit 1605. The selected clock is supplied to divider 1607 and then as a reference to the digital phase detector and loop filter 1609, which compares the reference signal f3 supplied on node 1608 to the feedback signal f2 supplied on node 1610 and generates an error signal indicative of the difference between the signals. The feedback signal f2 supplied on node 1610 is coupled to the output of DCO 1601 through divider 1619. In clock multiplier mode, the control value M is supplied to the DCO 1601 on node 1612 and is determined based on the error between the reference signal and the feedback signal. As in FIG. 8, the control value M controls the operation of the DCO through its feedback divider. In other modes, e.g., wideband mode, the DCO control value M is supplied from the control logic 1602. The DCO can receive as its input clock, either a crystal, SAW or other reference clock input at 1613. The external crystal, SAW, or reference clock can be used to implement a digital hold function and to further improve low-frequency jitter generation. In digital hold mode an alarm from loss of signal (LOS) and/or optional frequency offset detectors (FOS) causes the digital control word M existing a programmable amount of time prior to the alarm to drive the DCO. When the alarm is removed, normal device operation can resume.

In one mode of operation, the input reference clock for the outer loop, i.e., supplied to divider 1607, may also be utilized as the input reference clock for the DCO 1601 through multiplexer 1615. In one embodiment there are five differential clock outputs signals 1623 (CLKOUT_1 to CLKOUT_5) plus a frame synchronization output 1625. The output of the DCO is supplied to the various output clock signals 1623 through output dividers 1620 (NC1-NC5). Note also that the feedback for the outer loop, in one operational mode supplied through divider 1619 to the digital phase detector 1609, can alternatively be fed back externally through one of the clock inputs 1603, e.g., CLKIN_4. The divide values of 1607, 1619, and the output dividers 1620 (NC1-NC5) may be programmed via pins or a communication interface to provide a desired multiplication value. A nonvolatile memory may be used to store configuration settings. Other control/communication signals 1606 are supplied to/from the control logic 1611. Note that the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 16 may be utilized to replace the scaling PLL 1414 shown in FIG. 14.

Thus, various embodiments have been described for implementing a clock source. The description of the invention set forth herein is illustrative, and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. For example, while a PLL has been described other control loops, such as a frequency locked loop may be utilized to generate appropriate correction/control values to calibrate the oscillator. Other variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein, may be made based on the description set forth herein, without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. 

1. An apparatus comprising: a multi-frequency phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit including a feedback divider circuit; a storage to store a plurality of values; at least one input terminal coupled to select a particular one of the stored values; and wherein the multi-frequency PLL circuit is coupled to output one of a plurality of selectable output signals having an arbitrary frequency relationship to each other, each of the selectable output signals corresponding to one of the stored values, the one of the plurality of the selectable output signals that is output by the PLL circuit corresponding to the particular one of the stored values, the particular one of the stored values being coupled to determine, at least in part, a divide ratio of the feedback divider circuit.
 2. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the at least one input terminal forms at least a part of a digital communications interface coupled to receive control information to select the particular one of the stored values.
 3. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the at least one input terminal is a one of one or more frequency select input terminals coupled to select the particular one of the stored values according to the logical value of the one or more frequency select input terminals.
 4. The apparatus as recited in claim 3 wherein the apparatus has two frequency select input terminals coupled to select one of four stored values to control the feedback divider ratio.
 5. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein respective frequencies of the plurality of selectable output signals include at least four frequencies of a group of frequencies consisting of approximately 155.52 MHz, 166.63 MHz, 167.33 MHz, 161.13 MHz, 172.64 MHz, 173.37 MHz, 164.35 MHz, and 176.83 MHz.
 6. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the PLL circuit further comprises a phase detector circuit coupled to receive a timing reference signal and an output of the feedback divider circuit, a controllable oscillator circuit controlled according to an output of the phase detector circuit, and the apparatus further comprises one or more divider circuits coupled to an output of the oscillator circuit, wherein the at least one input terminal further selects one or more respective divide ratios of the one or more divider circuits.
 7. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the phase-locked loop circuit is a fractional-N loop circuit.
 8. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the apparatus further comprises a single resonating element disposed in a package with an integrated circuit, the integrated circuit including the PLL circuit, the storage and the at least one input terminal.
 9. The apparatus as recited in claim 8 wherein the single resonating element is a low frequency crystal oscillator.
 10. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 further comprising a voltage control input to adjust a frequency of the phase-locked loop circuit output signal and wherein the voltage control input is coupled to further control the divide ratio of the feedback divider circuit according to a voltage present on the voltage control input.
 11. The apparatus as recited in claim 10 wherein the plurality of selectable output frequencies include at least four of a group of frequencies including frequencies of approximately 622.08 MHz, 666.51 MHz, 669.33 MHz, 644.53 MHz, 690.57 MHz, 693.48 MHz, 657.42 MHz, and 707.35 MHz.
 12. The apparatus as recited in claim 10 wherein the apparatus is a line card in a communications network and the apparatus further comprises a phase detector and loop filter coupled to control the voltage control input.
 13. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 further comprising one of a crystal oscillator and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator supplying the timing reference signal.
 14. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the storage to store the plurality of stored values utilized to control, at least in part, the feedback divider value is a nonvolatile storage.
 15. A method comprising: selecting a frequency of an output signal from a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit to be one of a plurality of selectable output frequencies having an arbitrary relationship to each other, the selection being determined according to a frequency select value determined by a frequency selection mechanism that utilizes at least one input terminal of a device incorporating the PLL circuit.
 16. The method as recited in claim 15 further comprising utilizing a digital communication interface to select the frequency select value by writing to a register in the device.
 17. The method as recited in claim 15 further comprising determining the frequency select value according to a static logical value on one or more input terminals.
 18. The method as recited in claim 15 wherein the plurality of selectable output frequencies include at least four of a group of frequencies including the frequencies of approximately 622.08 MHz, 666.51 MHz, 669.33 MHz, 644.53 MHz, 690.57 MHz, 693.48 MHz, 657.42 MHz, and 707.35 MHz.
 19. The method as recited in claim 15 wherein the plurality of selectable output frequencies include at least four frequencies of a group of frequencies including the frequencies of approximately 155.52 MHz, 166.63 MHz, 167.33 MHz, 161.13 MHz, 172.64 MHz, 173.37 MHz, 164.35 MHz, and 176.83 MHz.
 20. The method as recited in claim 15 further comprising: storing control values corresponding to respective output frequencies in a non-volatile memory; and selecting at least one of the stored control values according to the frequency select value.
 21. The method as recited in claim 15 further comprising controlling a divide ratio of a feedback divider circuit in the phase-locked loop circuit according to the frequency select value.
 22. The method as recited in claim 21 further comprising: selecting one of a plurality of stored values according to the frequency select value; and utilizing the stored value to determine, at least in part, the divide ratio.
 23. The method as recited in claim 22 further comprising further determining the divide ratio according to a value of an analog voltage on a voltage control input terminal.
 24. The method as recited in claim 22 further comprising further controlling the divide ratio according to a temperature compensation circuit.
 25. The method as recited in claim 21 further comprising controlling a divide ratio of one or more additional divider circuits coupled to an output of a controllable oscillator circuit in the PLL circuit, according to the frequency select value.
 26. The method as recited in claim 17 further comprising using two input terminals to select between four possible frequencies.
 27. An integrated circuit comprising: a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit including an input for receiving a timing reference signal, a phase detector circuit coupled to receive the timing reference signal, a controllable oscillator circuit controlled according to an output of the phase detector circuit, and a feedback divider circuit having an output coupled to the phase detector and an input coupled to the controllable oscillator; and means for selecting for output from the PLL circuit an output signal having one of a plurality frequencies having an arbitrary frequency relationship to each other, according to a value of one or more input terminals of the integrated circuit.
 28. The apparatus as recited in claim 27 where the means for selecting includes means for controlling a divide ratio of the feedback divider circuit.
 29. An integrated circuit comprising: a fractional N phase-locked loop circuit including, an input for receiving a timing reference signal; a feedback divider circuit; a phase detector circuit coupled to the timing signal and the feedback divider circuit; a controllable oscillator circuit coupled to the phase detector circuit; wherein a divide ratio of the feedback divider circuit is pin programmable.
 30. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 29 further comprising a non-volatile storage to store programmed values corresponding to selectable output frequencies, a particular one of the selectable output frequencies being determined according to a value of input terminals of the integrated circuit.
 31. A method comprising: selecting one of a plurality of selectable output frequencies having an arbitrary relationship to each other to be output from a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit according to control information received over a digital communications interface.
 32. The method as recited in claim 31 further comprising: storing control values corresponding to respective output frequencies in a storage; selecting at least one of the stored control values according to the received control information.
 33. The method as recited in claim 31 further comprising controlling a divide ratio of a feedback divider circuit in the phase-locked loop circuit according to the control information received.
 34. A line card for use in a communications system comprising: an integrated circuit including, a first phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit having a feedback divider circuit; a storage to store a plurality of values; one or more input terminals coupled to select a particular one of the stored values; wherein the PLL circuit is coupled to output one of a plurality of selectable output signals having an arbitrary frequency relationship to each other, each of the selectable output signals corresponding to one of the stored values, the one of the plurality of the selectable output signals that is output by the first PLL circuit corresponding to the particular one of the stored values, the particular one of the stored values being coupled to determine, at least in part, a divide ratio of the feedback divider circuit; a voltage control input to adjust a frequency of the phase-locked loop circuit output signal and wherein the voltage control input is coupled to further control the divide ratio of the feedback divider circuit according to a voltage present on the voltage control input; a single resonator coupled directly to the integrated circuit; a clock scaling phase locked loop including a phase detector and loop filter coupled to an output of the first phase-locked loop and a timing reference signal and coupled to provide a voltage signal coupled to the voltage control input. 